更新时间:2025-08-12 11:33:28
m5u3语法
过去分词
一、概念
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种,表示动作的被动或完成。过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾—ed构成,不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
二、用法
过去分词与现在分词一样,作用相当于形容词和副词,在句中可充当定语、表语、补语、状语。
1、作定语
①单个的过去分词作定语,绝大部分情况下放在所修饰的名词前面,过去分词短语作定语则一定要放在所修饰的名词后面。
leaves落叶 sun已升起的太阳
people 困在电梯里的人
注意:a.如果被修饰的词是由some/any/no+thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或指示代词
those等时,虽然一个单一的分词作形容词用,也要放在被修饰词之后。
isthereanything ?还有什么问题没有解决吗?
b.left,concerned(有关的)作后置定语。
剩余的钱 有关的学生
②过去分词作定语时与定语从句的关系:及物动词的过去分词可改为定语从句。
the time=thetime 失去的时间
thestudent ishisdaughter.
=thestudentwho ishisdaughter.
在考试中被抓住作弊的那个学生是他的女儿。
③一些过去分词转化的形容词修饰look,smile,voice,expression等名词,表示人的情感。
fromhis (puzzle)expression,iknowhehasn’tunderstoodit.
2、作表语
过去分词作表语时并无“完成”或“被动”之意,表示主语的感情或状态。
ifelt (disappoint)athisbehavior.
过去分词作表语不要与被动语态混为一体。它们的主要区别是:被动语态表示主语所承受的动作,过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。试比较:
thewindowisbroken.
thewindowwasbrokenbythatboy.
3、作补足语
过去分词可在某些动词如make,have,get,find,leave,keep,see,hear,notice,watch,feel等动词或某些介词如with的宾语之后作宾语补足语。用来表示该动作的被动、完成。
iheardthesong severaltimeslastweek. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
withthework ,theywentouttoplay. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
pleasegetthereport assoonaspossible. 请尽快把报告打出来。
4、作状语
过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。
过去分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、方式或伴随、条件、让步等情况。
①表示时间
,theparklooksverybeautiful.从山上看,这公园看起来很漂亮。
,thedictionarywillbeverypopular.一旦出版,这字典会很受欢迎。
②表示原因
,hewasallwet. 因为淋了一场大雨,他全身湿透了。
,hebecametheprideofhisparents.
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。
③表示方式或伴随
,theoldmanwentintotheroom.
那位老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
theteacherwalkedintotheclassroom, .
老师走进教室,他的学生跟在后面。
④表示条件
,wecoulddotheworkbetter.
要是给更多的时间,我们会把工作做得更好。
,youshouldmakegreatereffortstostudyenglish.
和你哥哥相比,你应该更加努力学习英语。
⑤表示让步
,herefusedtobetrayhiscountry.
虽然受到敌人的严刑拷打,他仍然不出卖国家。
,thefarmerswerestillworkinginthefields.
尽管有风暴警告,农民们仍在地里干活。
注意:
a.过去分词作状语时,逻辑主语一般与句子的主语一致,如不一致,必须加上逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构。
allbooksreturnedattheendoftheterm,thelibraryassistantwassatisfied.
所有的书期末时都还了,图书管理员很高兴。
theboyrushedintotheclassroom, .
这男孩冲进教室,脸上全是汗。
b.当when,unless,once,if,whenever,though,although等连词引导的状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致,且从句为被动语态时,从句可用省略形式,即“连接词+动词的过去分词”形式。
,hesaidnothing. 当问到他时,他什么也没说。
,themedicinehasnosideeffects.如果按说明服用,这药没有副作用。
三、过去分词的否定式:not+过去分词
thehousewilllooksmallerif .
如果这房子不刷成白色,就会显得小些。
,thetreesdied.
没有得到好好的照顾,这些树死了。
,hefeltverydisappointed.
没得到老师的表扬,他很失望。
四、一些过去分词短语单独作状语,如bornin…,dressedin…,lostin…,buriedin …,absorbedin…,preparedfor…等。
(陷入沉思),hedidn’tnoticewhathadhappened.
(穿着白衣服),shelooksmorebeautiful.
(坐在桌子旁),myfatherandiweretalkingaboutmyjob.
thepolicemanputdownthephone, withasmileonhisface.
a.satisfied b.satisfying c.tobesatisfied d.havingsatisfied
语法随堂练习 no.9
一、短语翻译
1.一艘沉船 2.一支点着的烟
3.一个醉酒的人 4.一次有组织的旅行
5.发达国家 6.发展中国家
7.已升起的太阳 8.正在升起的太阳
9.一个叫james的人 10.一个自称james的人
二、用动词的适当形式填空
1. (bear)intoapoorfamily,theboyhasonlytwoyearsofschooling.
2. (compare)withmanyothers,englishweeklyisamore (satisfy)newspaper.
3.theyounggirllefttheplace, (determine)nevertocomebackagain.
4.thenoiseofplanesislikelytocausedeafnessif (hear)continually.
5. (compare)withhissister,hefeelsverylucky.
6.the (surprise)lookonhisfacesuggestedthathehadn’texpectedthat.
7.theresultofthetestwasrather (disappoint).hewasvery (disappoint)atit.
8.i’veneverheardtheword (use)inspokenenglish.
9.theyoftensawtheboy (beat)byhismaster.
10.i’llhavethebook (bring)overtoyou.
11.wheredidyougetyourwatch (repair)?
12.deeply (involve)inmybook,ididn’thearyouknock.
三、选择
( )1. inafriendlyway,theirquarrelcametoanend.
a.beingsettled b.settled c.havingsettled d.settling
( )2. oneoftheleadingpoetsinamericatoday,soniahasalsowrittenanumberofnovelsand
plays.
a.consideringbeing b.considered chavingconsideredas d.toconsider
( )3.itwasgettingdark;ifoundacar inapoolbythesideoftheroad.
a.tobestuck b.stuck c.sticking d.stick
( )4.thethieffelltotheground,hisleftfoot andblood downfromhismouth.
a.breaking,running b.broken,running
c.breaking,run d.broken,run
( )5.whenhecametohimself,hefoundhimself onachair,withhishands back.
a.tosit,tying b.sitting,tying c.seating,tied d.seated,tied
( )6. andhappy,tonystoodupandacceptedtheprize.
a.surprising b.surprised
c.beingsurprised d.tobesurprising
( )7.youshouldunderstandthetrafficrulebynow.you’vehadit oftenenough.
a.explaining b.toexplain c.explain d.explained
( )8. inawhiteuniform,helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.
a.dressed b.todress c.dressing d.havingdressed
( )9.when help,oneoftensays“thankyou!”or“it’sverykindofyou!”
a.offering b.tooffer c.tobeoffered d.offered
( )10. moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.
a.given b.togive c.giving d.havinggiven
( )11. fromthemoon,ourearth,withwater seventypercentofitssurface,appearsasa“blueball”.
a.seeing,covering b.seeing,covered c.seen,covering d.tosee,covered
( )12.what’sthelanguage ingermany?
a.speaking b.spoken c.bespoken d.tospoken
( )13.thespeakerraisedhisvoicebutstillcouldn’tmakehimself .
a.hear b.tohear c.hearing d.heard
( )14.theolympicgames, in776bc,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.
a.firstplaying b.tobefirstplayed c.firstplayed d.tobefirstplaying
( )15.cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget bythehour.
a.pay b.paying c.paid d.topay
( )16.fromhis lookonhisface,thepriceofmeatmusthaverisen.
a.disappointed b.disappointing c.satisfied d.satisfying
( )17. inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.
a.losing b.havinglost c.lost d.tolose
( )18.mostoftheartists tothepartywerefromsouthafrica.
a.invited b.toinvite c.beinginvited d.hadbeeninvited
( )19.thecomputercenter, lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.
a.open b.opening c.havingopened d.opened
( )20.themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee thenextyear.
a.carryout b.carryingout c.carriedout d.tocarryout
( )21. withadifficultsituation,arnolddecidedtoaskhisbossforadvice.
a.toface b.havingfaced c.faced d.facing
( )22.—howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?
—thekey theproblemistomeetthedemand bythecustomers.
a.tosolving,making b.tosolving,made c.tosolve,making d.tosolve,made
( )23.itshamesmetosayit,butitoldaliewhen atthemeetingbymyboss.
a.questioning b.havingquestioned c.questioned d.tobequestioned
( )24.thepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremain astheplanewasmakingalanding.
a.seat b.seating c.seated d.tobeseating
( )25. tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.
a.exposed b.havingexposed c.beingexposed d.afterbeingexposed
( )26. manytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.
a.havingbeentold b.thoughhehadbeentold
c.hewastold d.havingtold
m5u1语法
不定式
1.作主语:thecatsaid,“totakerollercoasteristerrible”.
不定式短语作主语时,可以直接放在句首,在疑问句和感叹句中,往往放在谓语之后,而用先行代词it作形式主语。
howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthetask
不定式作主语常见句型:
a)itis+adj.(easy,important,difficult…)+不定式
b)itis+n.(apity,apleasure,one’sduty,ashame)+不定式
it’smyduty____________________________.(教你们学好英语)
c)ittakes/needs/requires+sometime(hours,months,days,patience…)+不定式
itrequirespatience________________________________.(做好这项工作)
2.作表语:当句子的主语是aim,idea,policy,question,suggestion,wish,task,duty,job,purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时,后面可以用不定式做表语,用以说明主语所包含内容。
ourmostimportanttasknowis_____________________ .(制定计划)
注:作表语的不定式都带to,但当主语部分有实义动词do时,to可以省略。
theonlythingwecandonowis_________________ .(等等看)
3.作宾语
thecatsaid“remember________________nexttime!”.(别迟到)
a)可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:agree,afford,tend,ask,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,intend,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,want,wish等。
当不定式短语比宾补长时,往往将不定式放到宾补后,而用先行代词it作形式宾语,常用动词有feel,think,find,believe,consider,make等。
thecatfeltit_________________________________.(躺在草地上很舒服)
b)不定式一般不作介词的宾语,只有少数介词如but,except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to,如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词都是实义动词do,does,did时,通常省略to。
wehavenochoice______________________.(只好等)
wecandonothing__________________.(只好等)
4.宾语补足语
a)通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to,常用于以下动词之后:ask,tell,advise,allow,enable,expect,force,get,like,order,teach,want,invite,wish,beg等
youshouldgetthem___________________.(立刻开始工作)
但在谓语动词believe,find,think,feel,consider,suppose,imagine,prove等后面跟tobe…作宾补,不跟todo…
theybelieve_____________________________.(他诚实)
b)使役动词let,have,make等,感官动词hear,feel,see,watch,notice等接不带to的动词不定式,如用在被动语态则加上to
don’tletthechildren________________ .(麻烦你)
iheardsomeone .(敲门)
hewasmade earlybyhisfather.(上床睡觉)
5.作定语:
①能带不定式作宾语的动词,其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt,decision,promise,plan等
hehasn’tkepthispromise____________________________.(经常给他父亲写信)
②常与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability,determination,anxiety,eagerness等
hiseagerness_________________________________wasquiteclear.(渴望早点完成作业)
③序数词形容词最高级或被only,last,next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语:
shewastheonlyperson______________aftertheearthquake.(幸存)
不定式在作定语时,有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词,它后面需要加上适当介词。
he’salwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.主谓关系
i’venotimetolistentoyourexcuse.同位关系
shehasameetingtoattend.(动宾关系=attendameeting)
there’snothingtoworryabout.(动宾关系=worryaboutnothing)
6.作状语
①to…,inorderto…,soasto…(不能放在句首)作目的状语
allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately_____intimeforchristmas.
a.inordertohavereceivedb.inordertoreceivec.soastobereceivedd.soastobereceiving
②在so…asto,such….asto,onlyto…结构中不定式作结果状语,其中onlyto…用于表示意想不到的结果。
hehurriedtothestation___________________________________.(发现火车开走了)
③enoughto,too…to结构
theboyisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.
=theboy__________________________________.
④形容词(happy,glad,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever等)+不定式结构
i’mglad_________________________.(见到你)
thequestionis____________________________.(难回答)
heishard___________________________________.(难相处)
7.作插入语用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释,如tobefrank(坦白地说),tobesure(确实)等。
___________________________,ihateyou.(说实话)
8.ofsb.todosth/forsb.todosth
itisnecessaryformetolearnenglishwell.
it’sverykindofyoutocometoseeme.
9.tell,know,show,decide,learn,wonder,explain+疑问词+不定式
noonecantellme__________________.(在哪儿找到tom)
______________________________isstillunknown.(何时考试)
theproblemis______________________________.(怎样筹集足够的钱)
① 不定式的进行式由tobe+v-ing构成,用来表示谓语动词动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行。
somestudentspretended________________________whentheteachercamein..(在读英语)
②不定式完成式由tohave+v-ed构成,用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
---isbobstillperforming?
---i’mafraidnot.heissaid_______thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.
a.tohaveleft b.toleave c.tohavebeen d.tobeleft
③不定式的被动式分为一般式被动tobev-ed和完成式被动tohavebeenv-ed。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式要用被动语态。
itisanhonourforme_______________________theparty.(被邀请参加晚会)
thebookissaid___________________________________.(翻译成好几种语言)
allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately_____intimeforchristmas.
a.inordertohavereceived b.inordertoreceive
c.soastobereceived d.soastobereceiving
动名词
1.动名词的句法功能:动名词由动词加ing构成,与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用,在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。
①作主语可以直接放在句首,也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语,而把动名词后置。
seeingisbelieving.(眼见为实)
__________iseasierthan_________.(说起来容易,做起来难)
_________________isagoodhobby.(集邮)(单个动名词短语作主语时,动词用单数)
动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法:
itisnouse(good)+动名词:做某事没有用
it’snouse___________________________(覆水难收)
thereisno+动名词(=itisimpossibletodosth.)
②作表语通常是说明主语的内容,注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别
hishobbyiscollectingstamps.(此句为svc结构)可改为:collectingstampsishishobby.
heiscollectingstamps.(iscollecting是谓语动词进行时,此句为svo结构)
不能改为:collectingstampsishe.
③作宾语
a.作及物动词的宾语(enjoy,mind,finish,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,escape,pratise,suggest,keep(on),miss)
hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk_____thegoodopportunity.
a.tolose b.losing c.tobelost d.beinglost
有些动词(attempt,begin,continue,hate,like,love)后面既可以接不定式作宾语,也可以接动名词作宾语,意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性,用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。
ilikeswimmingbutidon’tliketoswiminwinter.
动词prefer后面接不定式作宾语时,句子结构与按动名词作宾语是不一样。
iprefertodriveratherthanbedriven.
ipreferdrivingtoriding.
有些动词,如forget,remember,regret等,后面接动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作,不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词。
whenaskedbypolice,hesaidthatheremembered_____atheparty,butnot______.
a.toarrive,leaving b.toarrive,toleave c.arriving,leaving d.arriving,toleave
动词+it(形式宾语)+宾补+动名词(真正宾语)
ithinkitnouse_________________________ .(告诉她真相)
wethinkitnogood____________________(浪费时间打游戏)
b.作介词的宾语
everybodyinthevillagelikesjackbecauseheisgoodattellingand______jokes.
a.turningup b.puttingup c.makingup d.showingup
④作定语
动名词可作前置定语,表示所修饰的词的用途或目的,可用for改写;而现在分词作定语时,可用定语从句改写。
asleepingcar=acarforsleeping asleepingchild=achildwhoissleeping
⑤作同位语
that’sthequeen’sfull-timejob,__________________.这就是蚁后的专职工作——产卵。
2.动名词的逻辑主语
①人称代词做逻辑主语时应用所有格,即形容词性物主代词。
doyouminding______________________?(我抽烟)
②逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时,很少用所有格,而用普通格。
hewasawakenedbysomeone_____________________.(敲门)
③逻辑主语是名词时,用所有格,但是如果名词为无生命物体时,则用普通格。
___________________________madetomangry.(玛丽大笑)
thereisno___________________________________.(工厂盈利希望)
④在口语中,动名词如果不在句首,可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格作逻辑主语。
ireallycan’tunderstand_____herlikethat.
a.youtreat b.youtotreat c.whytreat d.youtreating
3.动名词的完成式、一般式被动和完成式被动。新课标第一网
after___________________________________,hewenthome.(做完工作)
heattendedthemeetingwithout_____________________________.(未经邀请)
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