民间文化(Folk Cultures)

afolkcultureisasmallisolated,cohesive,conservative,nearlyself-sufficientgroupthatishomogeneousincustomandracewithastrongfamilyorclanstructureandhighlydevelopedrituals.orderismaintainedthroughsanctionsbasedinthereligionorfamilyandinterpersonal.relationshipsarestrong.traditionisparamount,andchangecomesinfrequentlyandslowly.thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.rather,eachpersonisexpectedtoperformagreatvarietyoftasks,thoughdutiesmaydifferbetweenthesexes.mostgoodsarehandmadeandsubsistenceeconomyprevails.individualismisweaklydevelopedinfolkculturesasaresocialclasses.unalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheunitedstatesandcanada.perhapsthenearestmodernequivalentinangloamericaistheamish,agermanamericanfarmingsectthatlargelyrenouncestheproductsandlaborsavingdevicesoftheindustrialage.inamishareas,horsedrawnbuggiesstillserveasalocaltransportationdeviceandthefaithfularenotpermittedtoownautomobiles.theamishscentralreligiousconceptofdemuthumility,clearlyreflectstheweaknessofindividualismandsocialclasssotypicaloffolkculturesandthereisacorrespondingstrengthofamishgroupidentity.rarelydotheamishmarryoutsidetheirsect.thereligion,avarietyofthemennonitefaith,providestheprincipalmechanismformaintainingorder.bycontrastapopularcultureisalargeheterogeneousgroupoftenhighlyindividualisticandapronouncedmanyspecializedprofessions.secularinstitutionsofcontrolsuchasthepoliceandarmytaketheplaceofreligionandfamilyinmaintainingorder,andamoney-basedeconomyprevails.becauseofthesecontrasts,popularmaybeviewedasclearlydifferentfromfolk.thepopularisreplacingthefolkinindustrializedcountriesandinmanydevelopingnations.folk-madeobjectsgivewaytotheirpopularequivalent,usuallybecausethepopularitemismorequicklyorcheaplyproduced,iseasierortimesavingtouseorleadsmoreprestigetotheowner.