钢琴(Piano)

theancestryofthepianocanbetracedtotheearlykeyboardinstrumentsofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies---thespinet,thedulcimer,andthevirginal.intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup,asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury.theclavichordstonewasmetallicandneverpowerful;nevertheless,becauseofthevarietyoftonepossibletoit,manycomposersfoundtheclavichordasympatheticinstrumentforintimatechambermusic.theharpsichordwithitsbright,vigoroustonewasthefavoriteinstrumentforsupportingthebassofthesmallorchestraoftheperiodandforconcertuse,butthecharacterofthetonecouldnotbevariedsavebymechanicalorstructuraldevices.

thepianowasperfectedintheearlyeighteenthcenturybyaharpsichordmakerinitaly(thoughmusicologistspointoutseveralpreviousinstancesoftheinstrument).thisinstrumentwascalledapianoeforte(sortandloud),toindicateitsdynamicversatility;itsstringswerestruckbyarecoilinghammerwithafelt-paddedhead.thewiresweremuchheavierintheearlierinstruments.

aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframe,andsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliquid,singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance.

note:

musicalinstruments

1.thestrings(弦乐)

1)plectrum:harp,lute,guitar,mandolin;

2)keyboard:clavichord,harpsichord,piano;

3)bow:violin,viola,cello,doublebass.

2.thewood(木管)-winds:piccolo,flute,oboe,clarinet,bassoon,englishhorn;

3.thebrass(铜管):frenchhorn,trumpet,trombone,cornet,tuba,bugle,saxophone;

4.thepercussion(打击组):kettledrum,bassdrum,snaredrum,castanet,xylophone,celesta,cymbal,tambourine.