更新时间:2025-08-07 14:28:32
写好记叙文的基本要领
1.头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“w”和一个“h”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“w”和“h”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“w”和“h”进行构思是必不可少的。
2.突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
onenightamancametoourhouseandtoldme,thereisafamilywitheightchildren.theyhavenoteatenfordays.itooksomefoodwithmeandwent.
whenifinallycametothatfamily,isawthefacesofthoselittlechildrendisfigured(破坏外貌)byhunger.therewasnosorroworsadnessintheirfaces,justthedeeppainofhunger.
igavethericetothemother.shedividedthericeintwo,andwentout,carryinghalftherice.whenshecameback,iaskedher,wheredidyougo?shegavemethissimpleanswer,tomyneighbors—theyarehungryalso!
3.用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
onedayxiaoqiangwaswanderingaway.hewassoonlostamongpeopleandtraffic.hecouldnotfindthewaybackhomeandstartedcrying.justthen,twoyoungstudentswhowerepassingbyfoundhimstandingaloneinfrontofashopandcrying.theywentuptoxiaoqiangandaskedhimwhathadhappened.xiaoqiangtoldthemhowhegotlostandwherehelived.thetwostudentsdecidedtotakehimhome.motherwaspleasedtoseexiaoqiangcomebacksafeandsound.sheinvitedthetwostudentsintothehouseandgavethemsomemoney,buttheydidnttakeit.sheservedthemwithteabuttheyleft.
修改后:
theotherday,five-year-oldxiaoqianglefthomealoneandwanderedhappilyinthestreet.aftersometime,hefelthungrysohewantedtogobackhome.buthefoundhewaslostamongthecrowdedpeopleandheavytraffic.whenhecouldnotfindthewayhome,hestartedandcrying.justthen,twoyoungstudentswhowerepassingbyfromschoolfoundhimsandingcryinginfrontofashop.theyimmediatelywentuptohim.
littleboy,whyareyoustandingherecrying?theyasked.
iwantmom,igohome.saidtheboy,stillcrying.
dontworry,wellsendyouhome.
andtheyspentthenexttwohourslookingfortheboyshouse.withthehelpofapoliceman,theyfinallyfoundit.
whentheworriedmothersawhersoncomebacksafeandsound,shewassothankfulandsheinvitedthestudentsintoherhouse.gratefully,sheofferedthemsomemoney,sayingitwasawaytoexpressherthanks,buttheyoungstudentsfirmlyrefuseditandleftwithoutevenacupoftea.
记叙文是记人叙事的文章,它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果,即我们通常所说的五个“w”(what,who,when,where,why)和一个“h”(how)。记叙文的重点在于“述说”和“描写”,因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚,描写生动形象。下面就谈谈英语记叙文的特点和写好记叙文的基本要领。
一、记叙文的特点
1.叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人读后感到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
theotherday,iwasdrivingalongthestreet.suddenly,acarlostitscontrolandrandirectlytowardsmefast.iwassofrightenedthatiquicklyturnedtotheleftside.butitwastoolate.thecarhitmybikeandifelloffit.
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
littletomwasgoingtoschoolwithanumbrella,foritwasraininghard.ontheway,hesawanoldwomanwalkingintherainwithnothingtocover.tomwentuptotheoldwomanandwantedtosharetheumbrellawithher,buthewastooshort.whatcouldhedo?thenhehadagoodidea.
2.动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的,这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3.叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4.叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
inmysummerholidays,ididalotofthings.apartformdoingmyhomework,readinganenglishnovel,watchingtvanddoingsomehousework,iwentonatriptoqingdao.itisreallyabeautifulcity.therearemanyplacesofinteresttosee.butwhatimpressedmemostwasthesunrise.
thenextmorningigotupearly.iwasveryhappybecauseitwasafineday.bythetimeigottothebeach,thecloudsonthehorizonwereturningred.inalittlewhile,asmallpartofthesunwasgraduallyappearing.thesunwasveryred,notshining.itroseslowly.atlastitbrokethroughtheredcloudsandjumpedabovethesea,justlikeadeep-redball.atthesametimethecloudsandtheseawaterbecameredandbright.
whatamovingandunforgettablescene!
5.叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
iwasinthekitchen,andiwascookingsomething.suddenlyiheardaloudnoisefromthefront.ithoughtmaybesomeonewasknockingthedoor.iaskedwhoitwasbutiheardnoreply.afterawhileisawmycatrunningacrosstheparlor.irealizeditwasthecat.ifeltreleased.
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
iwasinthekitchencookingsomething.crash!aloudnoisecamefromthefront.thinkingsomeonewasknockingatthedoor,iasked,who?noreply.afterawhile,isawmycatrunningacrosstheparlor.itsyou.isaid,quitereleased.
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